Leading the Practice in Layered Enterprise Architecture

While Enterprise Architecture (EA) causes organisations to think, work and model in domains, there are inadequacies in such a waterfall approach. By restating domains as layers, i.e. LEAD (Layered Enterprise Architecture Design/ Development) based on the LEAD Enterprise Ontology, EA performs better in enterprise layers and levels of abstraction. Through LEAD, the domain relationships are also better captured, hence leading the advancement of agile EA

Costs_Tradeoffs_Defence_Potato

The file contains multiple sheets, each sheet with a different response variable (defence) measured in all the potato varieties studied

Data from: Costs and tradeoffs of resistance and tolerance to belowground herbivory in potato

1. The success of sustainable crop production depends on our ability to select or create varieties that can allocate resources to both growth and defence. However, breeding efforts have emphasized increases in yields but have partially neglected defence traits against pests. Estimating the costs of multiple defences against tuber herbivores and the tradeoffs among them, as well as understanding the relationship between yield and multiple defences is still unknown but relevant to both basic and applied ecology. 2. Using twenty commercial potato varieties available in Colombia and the tuber herbivore Tecia solanivora, we tested whether high yielding varieties show a reduction in three types of defence: constitutive and induced resistance, as well as tolerance. Specifically, we determined (1) the costs in terms of yield of all three defences, (2) the possible tradeoffs among them, and (3) if oviposition preference was related to the expression of these defences. 3. We detected no costs in terms of yield of constitutive and induced resistance to tuber damage. We did, however, find evidence of costs of being able to tolerate tuber herbivory. While we found no tradeoffs among any of the estimated defences, there was a positive correlation between aboveground compensatory growth and tolerance in terms of tuber production, suggesting that after damage there are no shifts in the allocation of resources from aboveground to belowground biomass. Finally, we found that females laid more eggs on those varieties with the lowest level of constitutive resistance. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that in potatoes, breeding for higher yields has not caused any reduction in constitutive or induced resistance to tuber damage. This is not the case for tolerance where those varieties with higher yields are also less likely to tolerate tuber damage. Given the high incidence of tuber pests in Colombia, selecting for higher tolerance could allow for high productivity in the presence of herbivores. Finding mechanisms to decouple the tolerance response from yield should be a new priority in potato breeding in Colombia to guarantee a higher yield in both the presence and absence of herbivores

Data from: Costs and tradeoffs of resistance and tolerance to belowground herbivory in potato

1. The success of sustainable crop production depends on our ability to select or create varieties that can allocate resources to both growth and defence. However, breeding efforts have emphasized increases in yields but have partially neglected defence traits against pests. Estimating the costs of multiple defences against tuber herbivores and the tradeoffs among them, as well as understanding the relationship between yield and multiple defences is still unknown but relevant to both basic and applied ecology. 2. Using twenty commercial potato varieties available in Colombia and the tuber herbivore Tecia solanivora, we tested whether high yielding varieties show a reduction in three types of defence: constitutive and induced resistance, as well as tolerance. Specifically, we determined (1) the costs in terms of yield of all three defences, (2) the possible tradeoffs among them, and (3) if oviposition preference was related to the expression of these defences. 3. We detected no costs in terms of yield of constitutive and induced resistance to tuber damage. We did, however, find evidence of costs of being able to tolerate tuber herbivory. While we found no tradeoffs among any of the estimated defences, there was a positive correlation between aboveground compensatory growth and tolerance in terms of tuber production, suggesting that after damage there are no shifts in the allocation of resources from aboveground to belowground biomass. Finally, we found that females laid more eggs on those varieties with the lowest level of constitutive resistance. 4. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that in potatoes, breeding for higher yields has not caused any reduction in constitutive or induced resistance to tuber damage. This is not the case for tolerance where those varieties with higher yields are also less likely to tolerate tuber damage. Given the high incidence of tuber pests in Colombia, selecting for higher tolerance could allow for high productivity in the presence of herbivores. Finding mechanisms to decouple the tolerance response from yield should be a new priority in potato breeding in Colombia to guarantee a higher yield in both the presence and absence of herbivores

Correlation between compensatory growth and tolerance among different potato varieties in response to damage by the specialist tuber moth <i>T</i>. <i>solanivora</i>.

<p>A positive correlation suggests no tradeoff in the allocation for above- and belowground biomass after damage. Points represent mean values ± SE per variety. Shapes correspond to different potato species (circle: <i>S</i>. <i>tuberosum</i>, triangle: <i>S</i>. <i>phureja</i>).</p

Number of eggs (mean values ± SE) laid by T. solanivora on different potato varieties.

<p>Number of eggs (mean values ± SE) laid by T. solanivora on different potato varieties.</p

Costs of different types of defence in potato in response to the damage by the specialist tuber moth <i>T</i>. <i>solanivora</i>.

<p>Costs of different types of defence in potato in response to the damage by the specialist tuber moth <i>T</i>. <i>solanivora</i>.</p

Mean values ± SE of different types of defence in commercial varieties of potato in response to the specialist tuber moth <i>T</i>. <i>solanivora</i>.

<p>Mean values ± SE of different types of defence in commercial varieties of potato in response to the specialist tuber moth <i>T</i>. <i>solanivora</i>.</p

Differences among species and genetic variation in the expression of different types of defence in commercial varieties of potato in response to the damage by the specialist tuber moth <i>T</i>. <i>solanivora</i>.

<p>Differences among species and genetic variation in the expression of different types of defence in commercial varieties of potato in response to the damage by the specialist tuber moth <i>T</i>. <i>solanivora</i>.</p